Financial audits as a fraud prevention mechanism in international enterprises - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2992 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? In the last decade, international financial system has been hit several times by many different gigantic occurrences. The soonest was the subprime mortgage crisis, but the situation this dissertation will be concentrating is the failure of Enron. Mainly because the aim of this paper is to present financial audit as a fraud prevention mechanism, not the opposite. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial audits as a fraud prevention mechanism in international enterprises" essay for you Create order It will show relevant evidences that will try to figure out what was the main and real reason for the failure, as well as consequent failure of the company auditor Arthur Andersen. Since the auditor was one of the Big Five (at that time, together with PwC, EY, Deloitte and KPMG), this scandal brought the attention of a potential loopholes and poor financial reporting regulations existing at that time. Baring in mind that the fraud was detected in gigantic energy services company, with the auditor involved in scandal, authorities have made an effort to increase the control and regulation levels in order to eliminate the chance of fraud. From that time, new accounting regulations were rapidly created and old regulations renewed in order to expand the accuracy of the financial statements and reporting, especially of the large public companies. The aim was to increase the transparency, since it has the biggest role in potential fraud situations elimination. One of the first legislations that were brought up was the Sarbanes Oxley Act, which is actually a legislation for reforming accounting rules for public companies, protecting shareholders and potential investors. This act also increased the accountability of auditing firms to remain unbiased and independent of their clients. Therefore, the purpose of the following dissertation is to fully present auditing in the modern financial environment. It will present why auditing is important in financial system and assessing performance of public companies. Finally, student will explore how the auditing has developed and expanded its operations during the years. More in detail, this dissertation will have a role to closely connect auditors work with the fraud determination. Basically, auditing is meant to be a job for transparently assessing financial statements of companies and as a fraud prevention mechanism. On the other hand, based on the above mentioned example, we could draw some conclusions that auditing has failed to asses fraudulent actions in the particular example. Furthermore, the Enron scandal is a drastic example of company bankruptcy due to fraudulent management, therefore the dissertation will be mostly focused on that case study. In addition, this paper will also be closely connected to the work of the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners. It is a very important fraud examining association that deals on day to day basis in numerous projects. Furthermore it determines the source of failure. The role of the association is how to prevent and spot the potential fraudulent activities. In cases in which the losses have been generated to fraudulent acts, the ACFA has a role of determining who is responsible for the failure. It assesses the problem deeply, and in many cases has determined that auditors have fallen into the trap of being presented a clean financial statement in which fraudulent actions have been committed, but without the auditors notice. Finally, the dissertation has an aim to present auditing as an investment, and not a cost, in terms of transparently assessing and controlling management actions and company position throughout financial statements. Background From my point of view, a successful dissertation document should consist of parts which will bring closer the topic to different reader categories. What is meant by that is the fact that not everybody is finance major or has significant knowledge from this field, more precisely audit field. Therefore, a brief introduction to auditing history will be provided. Auditing is the profession that has existed in the commercial life in the past, but many times in different forms. One of the simple synonym for auditing could be controlling. And controlling has always existed. It has existed, since the majority of the medium and large size businesses nowadays are driven by the experienced employees, managers who are not the actual owners of the entities they work for. That is the main reason for having the control over the management. This was the general assumption of how auditing looked like in the past, but it had completely different meaning and was not called that way either. During the years, auditing was developing, while the modern financial audit became to take place from 1850. The sudden growing number of firms which ownership and consequently control were separated, provided a need for financial auditing and the development of increasingly detailed disclosure requirements for financial statements. In earlier times, audits were mainly con centrated on exploring errors or omissions in balance sheet accounts and on stemming the growth of fraud associated with the increasing phenomenon of professional managers and absentee owners. Back at that time, the actual detection of fraud had a very important role in overall audit process. As already mentioned, the companies increasingly started to grow, the awareness of the potential fraudulent actions was also brought higher on the attention list. The only problem was if it could be controlled in the same way as before. During the 20th century the focus of the audit has changed. Nowadays, we do have independent examination and expression of the opinion by something we call external auditing companies, or a qualified auditor (Power, 1997). There are two ways of determining the opinion, therefore the financial statement could provide a fair view, which is the US auditing practice, while on the other hand European auditing tends to be called true and fair view. On the other hand, fraud detection is not the primary objective of auditing process, although it is generally perceived by the wide range of professionals. The conflict between these two objectives is explained by as the expectations gap. And this gap could be simply explained that public generally intends to think that all reports signed by the auditors and have the above mentioned notions as fair and true and fair are fraud risk free (Power, 1997). On the other hands, auditors tend to enclose themselves that the ones who should be responsible for fraud prevention are actually company managers and their systems. When companies fail, like Enron did, for whatever reason (does not necessarily have to be fraud), the reaction of the public is always mainly focused on those who were controlling the statements of the company, auditors, not the ones who actually did fraudulent actions, the management. To conclude with the introductory part, in the past decade, there has been very much lawsuits against auditors because public was suspected in their negligence in not detecting the financial statement fraud. As a result, auditors did not just risked the loss of money, which amounts to large sums, but other very important fact and that is reputation. One day you are on the top, and other day a bad news comes and completely fails your business, that took decades, sometimes centuries to build. After Enron situation, auditing companies started taking much more care about their operations. From the clients they accept to every single detail. Why? Because company reputation is always at stake. Especially for the large and well known companies. We are living in the world where bad news have an unbelievable traveling speed. Auditors know that their companys reputation is always at stake. Every single small detail can have a big impact on company reputation and future. Not only on auditing co mpanies, but on audited companies as well. Auditors bear in mind the consequences their inadequacy could have on a complete financial system. It is a hard pressure on the auditors back. Hopefully, auditing companies have carefully adopted several risk management measures, as well as divided the responsibilities in order to have better quality services. Finally, the main problem is to understand the reasons why auditors have not detected financial statement fraud and if there is any possibility, suggest several improvements in the complete auditing process. In order to do so, student has to fully research cases where these situations have occurred. Literature review Financial statement fraud According to Association of Certified Fraud Examiners: Financial statement fraud involves the intentional publishing of false information in any portion of a financial statement. It usually occurs when a company overstates assets or revenue, or when it understates liabilities and expenses. (Fraud 101, 2005 e-book, p.27) This statement gives us a just a portion of what financial statement fraud actually looks like. Many times actual owners of the business, primarily shareholders or investors are actually blind to see the value of the corporate assets and the real value of liabilities when it happens to have such a fraud as Enron was. Most of the fraud related scandals have just given authorities a must to rapidly adopt new rules and acts, as Sarbanes-Oxley Act is, and all of them were financial statement fraud. Although mentioned Enron firstly seemed as a naÃÆ'ƒÂ ¯ve fraud situation, in the end resulted in the massive stockholder losses and liabilities to creditors, and the hardest situations to its employees who were left without anything, lost jobs and retirement funds. According to 2008 Report to the Nation on Occupational Fraud and Abuse published by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, US companies have suffered a median loss of 2 million dollars to fraudulent schemes. They also note that this form of fraud is greatly different from other types of occupational fraud, since the typical goal of a fraudulent statement scheme is not to directly enrich the perpetrator, but rather to mislead third parties, such as investors, owners, regulators and etc., as to only goal profitability of an organization. In other words, it is typically driven by the company managers who are seeking to enhance the economic appearance and brand respect by covering enormous debts or other lost assets. The question is, what is in stake for them? Well of course the stocks. They would sell stock, receiving performance bonuses or on the other hand selling stock to vanish their illegal or criminal acts. In the end, management benefits indirectly from financial statement fraud. Overview of Methodology Research is a very complex and time requiring process which consists of data collection, coding, all other processes of preparing and analyzing data, including the presentation of the results. (Drucker-Godhard, 2001). In this chapter, the student will present the methodology he will be using as a direction towards successfully concluding the paper. Methodology that student will follow consists of: What research approach the student follows Which data collection will be selected Which case study method will be used How to establish the reliability and validity of the researched material Research approach The research approach is basically dependent on the pillars of a normal research process. Elements of a research process mentioned by Brannick (1997), include: Research question Research category Theoretical perspective Methodology strategy Data collection approach Data analysis Any practical research has to be in close relationship, or lets say dependent on theoretical framework or the existing concept. Having in mind that students research deals with the fraud prevention mechanisms used in auditing practices, student will start his work by taking a deeper look in the financial statements fraud and consequently the overall auditors role and their responsibilities in detecting such an occurrences The nature of the research question determines whether the study can be classified as an exploratory/casual type study (Brannick, 1997, page 7). In conjunction with the research questions, What, When, Where, Who, How and Why, the research approach will fall into the categories: Exploratory Descriptive Exploratory/Casual Since until now we have explained our research problem and researched the problem into the questions of Who, Why and How, student is of the opinion that the approach in this research should be descriptive and exploratory. In order to bring closer the these two terms, find below the relevant explanations by Sekaran: Descriptive study is undertaken in order to ascertain and be able to describe the characteristics of the variables of interest in a situation (Sekaran, 200, p.125). In his research, student will use the descriptive approach to describe the nature fraudulent financial statement cases, and to neglect the possibilities for how the management could have manipulated their financial figures, and very directly the auditors. In other words, how the auditors have fallen in to a trap for being presented a false figures without a notice. Furthermore, explanatory study is undertaken in order to establish correlations between a number of variables (Sekaran, 2000, p. 129). In this dissertation, this explanatory part is being driven by the relationship between the misstatement of financial reporting and the responsibility of external (independent) financial auditors. Same relationship should also give a high value answer to an important question: What was the problem with auditors not to discover the fraudulent actions in the timely manner?! Finally, when we sum up the methodology, and brought it down to descriptive and explanatory, we define it as case-based research, since our research is being followed by the real time occurrences and examples of which all of us have been witnesses. Data collection Since the most data available on the topics are from the books, articles and internet sources, secondary data will be mostly used. Furthermore, internet based video clip interviews as well as documentary films will be analyzed in order to fully research and understand the objective background of the analyzed cases. Moreover, primary data will be used as well. Student has good relationship with Deloitte d.o.o, Serbia partners and employees, since he spent the placement year in that institution, the plan is to interview employees and management position members in order to gain comments on extensive audit experiences and fraud prevention mechanisms. Furthermore, questionnaires will be sent to several companies in Serbia to evaluate the work of auditors and how did they feel it has improved their business in the post auditing period. Details of collecting primary and secondary data As mentioned before, the primary data will be collected by the student. The plan is to prepare and send questionnaires to the several companies in Serbian market. The reason for choosing Serbian market as the one that should be questioned is the fact that the student is Serbian, has spent his placement there, has good relationships with many companies and could easily gather the needed information in prescribed time. Semi structured interviews will be held with Deloitte d.o.o. employees, as well as Privredni Savetnik management (leading Serbian periodical, whose employees are auditing and accounting experts with extensive experience in mentioned topics). Secondary data will be collected from various sources. Many of the books are already collected, while others are ordered through the internet, some books are already downloaded in electronic format, while the rest of books will be used from various libraries. Concerning articles, those will be collected over the internet, which has shown a large number of search results concerning detailed topic. Details of analyzing primary and secondary data The quantitative questions that will be provided by sent questionnaires will be analyzed quantitatively. On the other hand, qualitative data, interviews with the experts and auditors will be analyzed qualitatively. Major Sections To Be Covered Introduction Background Purpose and Objectives of the paper Defining research terms Literature review Introduction to audit and its role in changing financial environment Presentation of fraud examiner, as an audit tool Exploring future accounting rules and standards (concerning audit and fraud) Research Methodology Purpose of research Primary and secondary data collection Data sources Data analysis Validity and reliability Data analysis Financial audit fraud preventing tools and its implementation concerning different industry sectors Association of Certified Fraud Examiners as the fundamental fraud prevention and detection association Case study of Enron Scandal Arthur Andersen and its role in the scandal Dismissed fraud prevention steps Responsibility determination Recommendations Executive interviews and findings Deloitte d.o.o. Serbia Privredni savetnik d.o.o., Serbia Conclusion Overall recommendations References Appendices Preliminary conclusions Since financial reporting frauds have attracted high attention from the public, and auditors were blamed to be responsible, student aim is to answer some of the most common questions: Where were the auditors to explore the fraudulent activities?, Are auditing services a bureaucratically imposed costs or a long term investment? But those are the questions of the mass public that has not made an effort to go a bit deeper into the problem. Therefore, this document will have an aim to completely and widely research this phenomena in order to proportionally redistribute the responsibilities and failures of the each sides of the counter. By beginning, the first dilemma is always why auditors have not detected fraud in the financial statements, and what is the solution of preventing these gigantic failures and happenings in the future. To achieve such a goal, student has to study all the theories which are completely relevant to the researched topic. After the theory has been completely researched and relevant practical conclusions drawn, backed up with large list of evidences, student will be able to draw an objective conclusion. And it is very important to be objective, as this dissertation should be. Because we have a decade past from the Enron failure, massive research material and unbeatable evidences. Considering the time past between the failure and dissertation research period, student has more than enough confidence in order to believe his conclusion will be objectively drawn. In the end, after the conclusion has been made, student would like to give some recommendations. Recommendations will be dedicated to auditors in order to help them in any way much faster identify the fraudulent actions, backed up with the upcoming accounting rules from this category adopted by IAS board.

Polygamy A Common Type Of Marriage - 1468 Words

DEFINITION Polygamy can be defined as a type of marriage in which more than one spouse exists in the marriage. Bigamy is the act of going into another marriage while already being married to someone else. HISTORY OF POLYGAMY Polygamy dates back to a long time ago and has been practiced for many centuries by people from different cultures and different religious beliefs and backgrounds. Centuries back, the most common type of polygamy was polygyny. No one really knows how or where polygamy originates from but there are ideas. Polygamy is more common in places that were once part of a colony. An example of such a place is Africa. Polygamy is very common in parts of Africa that were once colonized, take for example Nigeria. A reason why polygamy exists in such places is because during the period of colonization there were more women than men due to the fact that most men were off fighting wars. 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Enzymatic Regulation of the Sodium-Potassium Pump free essay sample

An investigation of enzymatic regulation of the sodium potassium pump in isolated skin of the frog, Rana Catesbiana. Electrochemical gradients are essential for biologic processes including but not limited to neuronal signaling, respiration, and osmoregulation. The Sodium-Potassium (Na/K) pump is one of the most well characterized structures for actively establishing these gradients. The current generated by the Na/K pump can be calculated by measuring the current required from an external source to bring the gradient (Voltage difference) created by the pump to zero. An increase in temperature has shown to increase the current generated by the Na/K pump with a slope of 12.5A/Co and a Q10 value of 1.72. Arginine vasotocin (AVT) also known as anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), acts to increase the activity of the enzyme regulated pump. At a constant temperature, a 10-fold increase in current was measured across the AVT treated skin in comparison to the baseline AVT absent skin preparation. We will write a custom essay sample on Enzymatic Regulation of the Sodium-Potassium Pump or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The plasma membranes of cells contain pumps that drive out sodium from the cell and incorporate potassium into the cell. Physiologically, the blood plasma has a higher sodium concentration than the cytoplasm and conversely the cytoplasm has a highly potassium concentration than the plasma. Under these conditions, the Na/K pump is acting against a concentration gradient is therefore an active ATPase dependent process. Since the pump is under enzymatic regulation, we expect its activity to be governed by typical enzyme kinetics responding directly to changes in temperature and agents (such as hormones) that manipulate enzyme activity. It is also important to note that the Na/K pump pumps a net 3 Na+ ions out of the cell for every 2 K+ in. This creates a resting voltage potential across the membrane (1). The resistance of the channel allows for the net current across the pump to be measured indirectly by introducing an external voltage equal and opposite of the resting membrane potentia l created by the Na/K pump. Using the Ussing technique, a voltage clamp and Ohms law, we can derive the current generated by the Na/K pump under various conditions (2).

The OReily Factor Essay Example For Students

The OReily Factor Essay The OReilly FactorI choose the OReilly Factor because its about the only book that appealed to me. As well as the one the few narrators I could listen to for 5 hours. Besides the only other television shows I watch are reruns of the Simpsons and Senfied. So the OReilly factor seemed like a logical choice for me. The book is basically Bill OReillys viewpoint on just about everything such as politics, raising children, and taken responsibility for your own actions. Personally I really liked the book but thats just me I would not recommend to anyone who doesnt like Fox News Channel. The book incorporates a lot of his television show. In a lot of ways it was long a really long episode of the Factor. We will write a custom essay on The OReily Factor specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the book Bill talks a lot of about his childhood and how he was raised in working class family in New York. The friendships he has maintained since his childhood as well as what it takes to be a good friend in his mind. The book starts out with him talking about being a high school teacher and when he was in college at Boston University looking across the river at MIT and Harvard and then given a chance to go back to get his masters at Harvard and then studying his now new counterparts. Growing up in a working class family his was not accustom to the Harvard way of life or thinking. What he means by that is since he did not come from a wealthy family when he graduated college he didnt have his fathers friends lining up to interview him. Basically he has always had to work to get where he is today. And that holds true today if you are born into any class besides the wealthy upper class you have to work for everything and speak up for yourself if necessary. Which in the book Bill me ntions how his mouth has gotten him into some trouble; for insistence when he first became a journalist he had four jobs in five years mainly because he would speak up when something was done that wasnt right. Trying to make right wrongs. The first part of the book is a lot about the classes that exist in America. Why they exist for example the rich upper class usually the politicians in America dont seat around at the country club wondering how to get drugs out of the ghetto. They (politicians) are concerned with keeping people paying taxes in order for them to have a job. Within this section Bill talks about the classes among the whites and blacks. He used the statistic that the average white family in the United States makes $39,000 a year as oppose to $25,000 a year for the average black family. Quite a gap if you ask me. Then Bill gets into a rant about television today and how there is nothing on TV. Bill gets on his high horse on how he is responsible for News Magazines on TV . Saying that Inside Edition was investigated reporting and was the first and then Dateline and all the others followed his lead. Somehow Bill goes from TV to drugs and how parents need to educate their children about drugs. This leads Bill into what is wrong with the legal system in the US. The wasteful spending that the government does on the war against drugs or does not. For example the government sends millions of dollars a year to Mexico and other South American countries to help these foreign governments at the source of the drug problem only to be sending the money to corrupt officials in these countries and have it back fire. Next Mr. OReilly talks about how parents raise their children today as oppose to when he grew up. Bill thinks that parents today are soft and just let their children run there life. He uses and example where this mother was trying to get her son to stop kicking the back of Bills chair on an airplane and couldnt do it because the child either did not f ear the mother and or the consequences if he keep kicking. To make a long story short the woman ended up switching seats with her son before Bill had his with the boy. Then Bill gets into dating and says how men and women have different agendas. For insistence women in general are looking for one Mr. Right of their dreams and guys want to find all girls from their dreams. Bill mentions in this section how he used his fame and television exposure to get dates. He also claims that he is a dancing machine but I just cant picture I white guy with rhythm. Then he gets into first sign indicators that a woman you dating isnt the one. .u402e22336428328a46fc85b3f8d4524a , .u402e22336428328a46fc85b3f8d4524a .postImageUrl , .u402e22336428328a46fc85b3f8d4524a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u402e22336428328a46fc85b3f8d4524a , .u402e22336428328a46fc85b3f8d4524a:hover , .u402e22336428328a46fc85b3f8d4524a:visited , .u402e22336428328a46fc85b3f8d4524a:active { border:0!important; } .u402e22336428328a46fc85b3f8d4524a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u402e22336428328a46fc85b3f8d4524a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u402e22336428328a46fc85b3f8d4524a:active , .u402e22336428328a46fc85b3f8d4524a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u402e22336428328a46fc85b3f8d4524a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u402e22336428328a46fc85b3f8d4524a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u402e22336428328a46fc85b3f8d4524a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u402e22336428328a46fc85b3f8d4524a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u402e22336428328a46fc85b3f8d4524a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u402e22336428328a46fc85b3f8d4524a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u402e22336428328a46fc85b3f8d4524a .u402e22336428328a46fc85b3f8d4524a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u402e22336428328a46fc85b3f8d4524a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Moses Mendelssohn EssayNow comes etiquette this is where Bill speaks directly to everyone and says no matter whom you are teach your children table manners. He claims that this will get you further in life then anything. Straight teeth are essential and children should be taken to the dentist every six months and to a dermatologist if necessary. Proper English should be taught as well the use of the double negative between you and I is a bad thing in OReillys mind. And as a parent dont copy your teenager in using slang words like cool and awesome. Finally politeness teaches your children to open doors for people how to share and how to say thank you. And if you child is no t courtesies then send them of to courtesy school immediately. Mr. OReilly wraps up his book with a list of dislikes and likes, which I found to be the most interesting part of the book and also the part I disagreed with him the most. Bill starts out by disliking stuff like South Park, Viagra, and Jerry Springer. Which in my mind individuals are smart and able to separate the good from the bad, but people on a whole are dumb and irresponsible. These things just reinforce that statement. The one statement I will always remember from the book is nobody ever gave me anything because of who my dad was. This quote I feel speaks very loudly to me and I can relate to it more than anything that Bill said in the entire book. That statement is the kind of statement that just about anyone who has worked hard to get where they are at today can relate to. That is why I feel that quote sums up the book and quite possible the life of Bill OReilly. Words/ Pages : 1,155 / 24

Being Self-Employed vs Working for Someone Else free essay sample

Being self-employed vs. working for someone else Self-employment and working for someone else has many of the same benefits and disadvantages. Although self-employment will allow a person to be his or her own boss and have endless financial possibilities, it also can be harder than working for someone else. Just because a person is able to work for their self, it does not mean that it will be any easier than working for someone else or even be more successful. Self-employment allows individuals to create his or her own schedule, allowing flexibility in the time that will be spent working. The flexible schedule of a self-employed individual is a good benefit. However in order to be successful at it, a lot of time has to be invested in it. If time is not put into the job, it will be difficult to maintain it. Having a flexible schedule allows the individual to have more time at home and also enable’s the person to work the hours convenient for their schedule. We will write a custom essay sample on Being Self-Employed vs Working for Someone Else or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page People normally find it easier to be self-employed because they feel that the freedom of working whenever they want or feel the need to may make the individual feel like they have power and authority they would not have working under a supervisor. However, good time management is essential to for self-employment. It is imperative that a person who is self-employed manages their time wisely and maintains themselves organized. It may take some time to get organized properly, but if the person practices how to best maintain organization with time, they will eventually come up with a work routine that best fits their work. Discipline is the key to being self-employed. If not, they run the risk of disorganization to the point where they will no longer be able to run their business or continue with their work. Without discipline and disorganization, the chances of financial success will be slim. Self-employment can be a financial success. There is the possibility of living very well when owning a business or simply just work on your own. It also depends on what type of business or career path the person chooses in order to work for them selves. A person must consider that there are sometime’s many cost’s in initiating a self-owned business. Maybe start-up materials, hardware and financial management software to keep track of finances will often be needed when a person is self-employed. Organization and financial responsibility is crucial when owning a business or being self-employed. If the person that is self-employed does not manage money well, they run the risk of losing their business due to mismanagement. This will be a great disadvantage because not only is the person not able to be self-employed but they might have been out of the work field for a long time and did not gain much experience in a field that they would go out and try to work in after they figure out that working for themselves is not going to work for them. When the person tries to find a job and the hiring manager sees how long they have been out of work and not enough experience, they may be hesitant to hire the individual. Working at a place of employment for someone else also has many benefits. For the most part, the employee will have a set schedule weekly and the employee will have to follow that schedule. Normal business hours are 8:00 a. m. to 5:00 p. m. unless of course the person works part-time, they work at a restaurant, a retail location, or maybe just a job that will schedule the employee when they are needed. In this case however, the employee does not set their own schedule, their supervisor, or boss will be responsible for that. There is not much flexibility with the schedules at a place of employment. While working for someone else, he or she is normally working under someone that they need to answer to and flexibility is very rare in the corporate world. A supervisor however, will take any time off needed as in vacation time, personal and sick time. Employees are entitled to the time off when working at a place of employment. Depending on the work field and if the individual is a full-time or part-time employee, the time off will be paid by the employer. The rate of pay at work place may not always be what the employee needs or is looking for. It could just be enough to make ends meet but it can also be exactly what the individual is looking for. Many companies require college degrees in order to make what the individual needs or should make with regards to their salary. Along with having a college degree, experience is absolutely necessary to earn top dollar. A degree does not necessarily mean that a person will be the most qualified to do the job but it does give the hiring employer that the employee they are considering has a sense of discipline, responsibility and knowledge that comes from a person with a college degree. Without the requirements, it will not be easy to obtain the type of salary the person wants. There are instances where even if the person meet’s the requirement’s needed to obtain a high or decent salary, some small companies are not able to pay these high salaries even if they wanted to. That is when individual either settle for what they are offered, continue searching for a job that meet’s their expectations, or become self-employed. Being self employed vs. working for someone else has many of the same advantages and disadvantages. To be self-employed, an individual needs to make sure they are organized and are prepared for the overhead cost’s that come with either owning a business or possibly just providing for your self and not having to answer to someone else. Working for someone else is not bad. A person has to be prepared and make every effort they need to in order to be successful at their place of employment. People in life have to make choice with regards to their careers. Do they work for themselves or do they work for someone else? In the end, he or she must choose what makes the most sense and what he or she will know they can handle or not. Just because someone works for themselves, it does not necessarily mean that it will be easy. It can be just as hard as working for someone else.

TKM Essay

TKM Essay TKM Essay Gabriela Angeles 814 5/27/14 MS136 To Kill a Mockingbird In the book To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus who is a lawyer chooses to defend a black man named Tom Robinson that was accused of raping a white woman which is Bob Ewells daughter. In my own opinion its a good thing that Atticus defends Tom because no one ever stands up for the black people just because of the color of their skin. The whites do not think that the blacks should have the same equal rights as they do. Atticus thinks its wrong for them to do that so he tries to help them in anyway he possibly can even if it means giving his family’s name a bad reputation but its worth it to take a stand for what he believes in. Atticus wants his kids to be like him when they grow up, to be respectful to people no matter what the color of their skin is. One reason that Atticus should defend Tom Robinson is because Atticus believes everyone should be equal. â€Å"The way that man called him ‘boy’ all the time and sneered at him† This shows in ­equality because Mr.Gilmer was calling Mr.Robinson â€Å"boy† and well basically he was trying to say Mr.Robinson was irresponsible.Dill said it made him sick the way Mr.Gilmer was speaking and he said it wasn’t right to treat them that way. As a lawyer, Atticus promises to defend anyone that needs his help.There will be no change in prejudice until everyone receives the same treatment in the court system.All people deserve a fair trial and a fair judgement by their peers.† simply because we were licked a hundred years before we started is no reason for us not to try to win.† His point is that he takes the case seriously because it requires him to make a moral decision.He has to stand up not just for Tom Robinson, but against the town. He has to make the choice to do what he thinks is right. The other reason why i believe Atticus should defend Tom Robinson is because he wants to set a good example for jem and scout.As a father Atticus is affecionate with his children, jem and scout, ready with a hug when they need comfort and availabe to spend time reading to them. Although he allows his children freedom to play and explore, he is also a firm disciplinarian, always teaching his children to think of how their actions affect others and devising punishments to teach his children valuable lessons.For example Atticus says â€Å"you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view ­until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.† what this quote means is that you have to look at and understand things from the way that other people do.This quote tells us that atticus is a good example for his children because he is trying to intstil good moral values into his childrenÍ ¾ he is endorsing the value of equality.This lesson of equality is important because Maycomb is a town that is full of social prejudices, specifically social prejudice towards the black community.Not only does Atticus tell his children to treat people equally but he actually acts on his own words,making him a perfect role model.To show that Atticus is knowledgeable and a good example he says â€Å"this time we aren’t fighting the yankees, we’re fighting our friends.But remember this, no matter how bitter things get, they’re still our friends and this is our home.†This quote shows us that Atticus does not want his problem to become a problem for scout and jem. Some people say that Atticus should not have defended Tom Robinson because it created conflict for his family.It created problems for scout at school.†He had announced in the schoolyard the day before that Scout Finch’s daddy defended niggers.† Cecil Jacobs was teasing scout because her dad was defending Mr.Robinson.Atticus told scout

Organizational Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational Theory - Assignment Example Also, the paper will review the criticisms that have been generated towards the two assumptions. While ontology is associated with the nature of an event, epistemology is about the way people understand such an event (Gioia, 2003). The classification of the two assumptions, therefore, can be based on an individual’s belief considering that objective existence is inherent in the world, or because the reality of an event is based on a mediated social understanding. In this sense, prior to human judgement, objective ontology presumes that natural and social reality occurs independently (Johnson and Duberley, 2000: 180). In view of this assumption, objective epistemology takes into consideration the causal inter variable relationships, and assumes that the reality does not originate in an individual, but rather from sensory experiences. Having said this, the manner in which an individual understands an event is acquired from measurement, touch, taste, or observation (Johnson and Duberley, 2000). Furthermore, the epistemology of objectivity seeks to generalize theories by mak ing a very important presumption that the theory applies to all people in the world regardless of the context and circumstances. A good example of a research that best shows a theory-approach alignment is one conducted in by Cooper and Sobol (1969) investigating seniority and employment testing as a criteria for hiring and promoting employees. In this paper, the theory being used is the disparate impact theory while the approach is basically a case study complex, while epistemology is constructionism coupled with positivism. By analyzing the various cases where the use of seniority and testing were deemed to be violating the fair employment laws, Cooper and Sobol (1969) went on to suggest that depending on who is analyzing the cases may take different meanings because of their constructionist approach. They